The Different Types of Excavators
Excavators are versatile pieces of equipment that assist diverse industries, including construction, utility, road maintenance, forestry and mining. This equipment can complete a wide range of applications, from dredging to demolition to material handling. Excavator attachments make the equipment even more versatile.
However, there are several types of excavators on the market, and understanding them is crucial for selecting the right one for your applications. Each type of excavator has unique capabilities and limitations that indicate its ideal use.
Discover the many different types of excavators available below.
1. Crawler Excavators
Crawlers are standard excavators. They are popular for their versatility in excavation. Generally, crawlers feature a boom and stick combination with a bucket attachment. These excavators use two tracks to move and rely on hydraulic power mechanisms to lift soil and debris.
Standard excavators leverage a chain wheel system to move across uneven terrain with reduced risks. These models tend to be slower than others available but offer greater stability, flexibility and balance.
These types of excavators exert less ground pressure than other models, making them suitable for jobs needing to maintain ground integrity. You can also find a wide range of crawler sizes to assist in residential applications or complete heavy-duty tasks. You can also use multiple attachment types to increase equipment versatility.
Common crawler applications include:
- Digging and excavation: Crawlers can level ground for construction, build trenches for utility lines and prepare foundations.
- Demolition: Teams can use standard excavators to tear down buildings, remove roads and break through tough materials.
- Material handling: Grapple and bucket attachments enable material handling for dirt, concrete and rock.
- Landscaping: Crawlers can shape and grade land, aiding tasks like creating drainage ditches, removing trees and digging ponds.
- Piping and dredging: Standard excavators can create trenches for pipe installation and complete dredging tasks such as deepening waterways.
- Forestry: Crawlers can be a significant asset for forestry teams because they can clear brush and trees, prepare land for reforestation, create firebreaks and offer the power and stability to navigate challenging terrain.
2. Skid Steer Excavators
These excavators differ from standard excavators by leveraging a boom and bucket that faces away from the driver. This orientation makes skid steers useful for completing tasks in narrow areas or those with tricky turns.
The attachments move over the cab, rather than around it, to complete digging, material handling and other operations. However, skid steers are less suitable over slippery or uneven surfaces.
Skid steer excavator applications include:
- Demolition: Skid steers are suitable for indoor and outdoor environments. This equipment can demolish drywall, flooring, concrete and other materials with the right attachments. Skid steers also have a compact structure, making them valuable for projects in tight spaces like suburban or urban neighborhoods.
- Roadwork: You can use a skid steer to complete road building and maintenance. Attachments like pavement millers and cement mixers enable teams to grade, patch and pave roadways.
- Excavation: As the name suggests, skid steer excavators are suitable for excavation tasks, digging and trenching. Depending on the attachment you select, you can accomplish digs as small as a narrow porthole to a new foundation site.
- Grading and backfilling: Skid steers also enable backfilling and grading applications. Rake attachments and grading bars are excellent for leveling, while buckets aid with filling operations.
- Snow and debris removal: You can use a skid steer to remove snow and debris to prepare a worksite or complete cleanup operations when a project is done. Heavy-duty attachments like snow blades and snowblowers can move large quantities of snow, while brush attachments are suitable for removing loose debris.
3. Wheeled Excavators
Wheeled excavators run on wheels rather than tracks. This enables faster movements and easier maneuvering on flat-surface worksites. Wheeled excavators offer comparable power capabilities to crawlers, but the wheels offer less stability on uneven ground. However, you can add outriggers to enhance stability when transitioning from a flat surface to an uneven one if necessary.
Common wheeled excavator uses include:
- Highway and bridge construction: With a two-piece articulating boom, wheeled excavators can accomplish tasks like deep digging, unloading materials and accessing higher areas, making them suitable for highway and bridge construction.
- Street maintenance: Teams can use wheeled excavators to develop and maintain roadways. This equipment can move easily over finished surfaces without leaving marks or indentations, and the wheels allow teams to work in congested areas with ease.
- Site development: Wheeled excavators can accomplish some off-road tasks like backfilling, grading and trenching, depending on the ground condition. Outriggers can enable safer movement over slopes, allowing teams to increase machine versatility.
- Landscaping and grading: These excavators can clear vegetation and use dozer blades to establish slopes or grade yards. Auger attachments enable wheeled excavators to dig holes for fence posts or new plantings.
4. Mini Excavators
Mini excavators are a type of crawler. These lighter, smaller excavators minimize ground damage and enable efficient operations in narrow spaces, indoor locations and crowded areas like parking lots. These excavators feature one of three boom configurations — swing, articulating and fixed booms. A swing boom allows up and down and left or right movements, while the other two varieties offer only up and down movements.
The compact size of a mini excavator and compatibility with various attachments make this equipment suitable for:
- Trenching and excavating: Mini excavators can create footings, foundations, drainage systems and utility trenches. The equipment’s small size also enables teams to minimize disruption to surrounding areas and work around existing infrastructure.
- Material loading: Like other excavators, these models can aid material loading and handling needs. You can use attachments to transport materials like gravel, soil and debris.
- Underground infrastructure repair: The compact construction makes mini excavators ideal for installing or repairing underground infrastructure. This equipment offers the necessary maneuverability and precision while minimizing disruption.
- Concrete and asphalt cutting: Mini excavators can aid in demolition and road repair applications. Specialized attachments enable concrete and asphalt cutting, breaking and removal to streamline operations.
- Emergency repairs: Compact excavators can move rapidly, making them suitable for addressing emergencies like gas leaks or water main breaks. Their speed and size enable efficient responses to minimize downtime, reduce risks and address critical maintenance.
5. Dragline Excavators
Dragline excavators operate with a different process than previous models. These excavators are much larger and leverage a hoist rope system. This system attaches to a bucket with a hoist coupler, and the other side of the bucket attaches to a dragline.
The dragline runs from the cab to the bucket, and the hoist rope moves the bucket up and down as the dragline pulls the bucket toward the driver. These excavators often require on-site assembly due to their size and weight.
This unique system makes dragline excavators suitable for large-scale projects like:
- Civil engineering: The size of dragline excavators makes them ideal for large excavation projects such as digging harbors, foundations and canals.
- Underwater excavation: These excavators can dredge ports, lakes and rivers.
- Surface mining: Dragline excavators can remove the soil and rock above an ore or coal deposit.
6. Long-Reach Excavators
As the name suggests, long-reach excavators have longer boom and arm sections than other excavators. This design allows teams to access hard-to-reach locations.
You can find wheeled and tracked models to meet environmental needs. The large size makes long-reach excavators unsuitable for projects in tight spaces but excellent for projects like:
- Industrial demolition: Teams can use long-reach excavators for structural crumbling and to break walls over bodies of water.
- Underwater digging: The extended reach enables teams to complete underwater digging and deep trenching to place utility pipes at a location to resist freezing temperatures.
- Large-scale construction: Long-reach excavators allow teams to complete work on bridges, dams and other large structures where access may be limited.
- Environmental remediation: A unique use case of a long-reach excavator is cleaning up hazardous waste or removing contaminated soil from further distances.
7. Suction Excavators
A suction excavator is a wheeled vehicle that leverages water jets and high-pressure vacuums. This equipment features a suction pipe that offers several hundred horsepower.
The water jets allow teams to loosen the ground, and the vacuum carrier moves the loose soil or debris from the site. Suction excavators are ideal for applications needing precise material removal with minimal disruption to surrounding structures. Suction excavators enable safe operations when doing the following:
- Exposing utilities: Teams can expose water, electric and gas lines without damaging them. These excavators allow for precise excavation, minimizing the backfilling required.
- Removing contaminants: These excavators allow for precise and targeted material removal. In the case of environmental contamination, this equipment can aid operations by enabling access to tricky areas such as under buildings, in wetlands or near sensitive infrastructure.
- Maintaining railroads: Suction excavators can remove debris and clean ballast from railroad tracks. These models can complete maintenance activities more efficiently than other types, reducing track downtime and increasing safety compared to traditional ballast removal methods.
8. Backhoe Excavators
A backhoe excavator allows operators to perform multiple tasks without needing to switch boom attachments. Backhoes feature a boom, stick and bucket configuration on one end and one bucket on the other end. These excavators can accomplish the same tasks as crawlers while offering additional versatility with dual buckets.
Due to their design, backhoes have limited rotation but can offer enhanced versatility for teams completing:
- Construction work: Common construction applications include breaking up pavement, transporting materials and demolishing small structures.
- Landscaping projects: Backhoes can dig up trees, move heavy loads, pave roads and complete backfilling operations.
- Agricultural tasks: Teams can use backhoes to dig trenches, uproot trees and dig small ponds necessary for agricultural operations.
9. Walking Excavator
A spider excavator, also known as a walking excavator, features a unique design. These models have multiple legs, which workers can operate independently. This type is necessary for specialized operations that require maneuverability on the most challenging terrains and steep hillsides.
Fixed and telescoping legs can help ensure secure footing on cliff ledges, gully sides and similar locations needing solid footing. Walking excavators have unique use cases, including:
- Mountainous region work: Walking excavators enable infrastructure maintenance and construction, such as tasks necessary for hiking trails, power lines or ski resorts.
- Sensitive ground construction: Teams can use this equipment to complete operations in areas where working on unstable ground could cause damage or result in sinking.
- Disaster relief: Emergency response teams can use walking excavators to access disaster areas for rescue operations, clearing debris and rebuilding infrastructure.
10. Knuckle Boom Excavator
This excavator is a variation of the standard excavator. The difference between the two types is an extra joint on the knuckle boom’s stick and boom assembly. The extra joint allows the bucket and stick to leverage hydraulic power mechanisms to rotate from side to side. This movement increases maneuverability and allows teams to work around obstacles and in tighter spaces.
Knuckle boom excavators are less common than other models, but they are suitable for situations like:
- Port and dock loading and unloading: These models can support loading and unloading operations on docks and ports. This equipment can move cargo from ships, barges and trucks to streamline operations and reduce manual labor requirements.
- Sorting materials: These excavators can assist in sorting tasks. For example, teams can use them to segregate recyclables from scrap metals. They can also keep work areas clean by removing debris.
- Tree trimming and removal: Knuckle booms are popular for tree care, trimming and removal operations because they allow workers to access great heights and maneuverability to avoid nearby obstacles.
11. Hydraulic Shovels
Hydraulic shovels are most common in mining operations, but their general use includes digging and loading large material volumes.
This equipment features a large bucket and lifting arms, allowing teams to transport heavy materials like minerals and rocks. You can find several different orientations for hydraulic shovels, including the bucket facing toward or away from the cab. While hydraulic shovels are most suited for mining tasks, they can assist with:
- Site preparation: Hydraulic shovels can complete a few general-purpose applications, such as material handling, grading, excavation and demolition. These tasks can aid site preparation for increased efficiency.
- Hydro-excavation: Hydro-excavation leverages high-pressure water jets to break up soil. Hydraulic shovels can aid these operations by clearing vegetation and removing large obstacles to prepare for hydro-excavation operations.
12. Demolition Excavators
Demolition excavators are specific pieces of equipment for completing industrial demolition. These excavators have guards over the windows and cab to protect operators from falling debris. They also have heavy-duty undercarriages, allowing them to withstand harsh industrial environments. Shearing attachments are common for cutting through steel components.
Demolition excavators can tear down structures like:
- Residential and commercial buildings.
- Industrial facilities.
- Bridges.
- Roadways and highways.
- Steel towers and other structures.
- Brick and stone buildings and structures.
Browse Excavators and Diggers Available Online
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We serve those in the telecom, rail, utility, forestry and infrastructure industries. Our equipment provides the support and stability you need to complete complex operations.
Browse available excavators to find the rental model suitable for your applications, or contact us for assistance.